代写6CCS3ML1、代做Python程序设计

日期：2024-02-19 07:45

6CCS3ML1 (Machine Learning)

Coursework 1

(Version 1.5)

1 Overview

For this coursework, you will have to implement a classifier. You will use this classifier in some code

that has to make a decision. The code will be controlling Pacman, in the classic game, and the

decision will be about how Pacman chooses to move. Your classifier probably won’t help Pacman

to make particularly good decisions (I will be surprised if it helps Pacman win games, my version

certainly didn’t), but that is not the point. The point is to write a classifier and use it.

No previous experience with Pacman (either in general, or with the specific UC Berkeley AI implementation that we will use) is required.

This coursework is worth 10% of the marks for the module.

Note: Failure to follow submission instructions will result in a deduction of 10% of the marks you

earn for this coursework.

2 Getting started

2.1 Start with Pacman

The Pacman code that we will be using for the coursework was developed at UC Berkeley for their AI

course. The folk who developed this code then kindly made it available to everyone. The homepage

for the Berkeley AI Pacman projects is here:

http://ai.berkeley.edu/

Note that we will not be doing any of their projects. Note also that the code only supports Python

3, so that is what we will use.1

You should:

(a) Download:

pacman-cw1.zip

from KEATS.

(b) Save that file to your account at KCL (or to your own computer).

(c) Unzip the archive.

This will create a folder pacman

1

If you use anything other than Python 3, you are on your own in terms of support, and if the code you

submit does not work (which is likely), you will lose marks.

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Figure 1: Pacman

(d) From the command line (you will need to use the command line in order to use the various

options), switch to the folder pacman.

(e) Now type:

python3 pacman.py

This will open up a window that looks like that in Figure 1

(f) The default mode is for keyboard control, so you should be able to play this game out using

the arrow keys.

Playing Pacman is not the object here — don’t worry if there is an issue with controlling Pacman

using the keys, that can happen on some platforms — but you will need to run this code to do the

coursework. So, if the code causes an error, get help.

When you are tired of running Pacman, move on to the next section.

2.2 Code to control Pacman

Now we work towards controlling Pacman by writing code. The file sampleAgents.py contains

several simple pieces of code for controlling Pacman. You can see one of these run by executing:

python3 pacman.py --pacman RandomAgent

This is not a good player (it is just picking from the available actions at random), but it shows you

a couple of things.

First, you execute an agent that you write by using the --pacman option, followed by the name of

a Python class. The Pacman code looks for this class in files called:

<something>Agents.py

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and, when it finds the class, will compile the relevant class. If the class isn’t in an appropriately

named file, you will get the error:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "pacman.py", line 679, in <module>

args = readCommand( sys.argv[1:] ) # Get game components based on input

File "pacman.py", line 541, in readCommand

pacmanType = loadAgent(options.pacman, noKeyboard)

File "pacman.py", line 608, in loadAgent

raise Exception(’The agent ’ + pacman + ’ is not specified in any *Agents.py.’)

Now open your favourite editor and look at sampleAgents.py. If you look at RandomAgent you

will see that all it does is to define a function getAction(). This function is the only thing that is

required to control Pacman.2 The function is called by the game every time that it needs to know

what Pacman does — at every “tick” of the game clock — and what it needs to return is an action.

That means returning expressions that the rest of the code can interpret to tell Pacman what to do.

In the basic Pacman game, getAction() returns commands like:

Directions.STOP

which tells Pacman to not move, or:

Directions.WEST

which tells Pacman to move towards the left side of its grid (North is up the grid).

However, for your coursework, you have to pass this direction to the function api.makeMove() first,

just as the classes in sampleAgents.py do.

sampleAgents.py contains a second agent, RandomishAgent. Try running it. RandomishAgent

picks a random action and then keeps doing that as long as it can.

2.3 Towards a classifier

For this coursework you’ll work from some skeleton code that is in the folder pacman-cw1. The file

to look for is classifier.py which is used in classifierAgents.py. You will ONLY need to

modify classifier.py and no other file. Two things to note about this:

(a) The skeleton in classifier.py defines a class Classifier, and classifierAgents.py

defines a class ClassifierAgent. When we mark your coursework, we will do so by running

the ClassifierAgent class. If this doesn’t exist (or, similarly, if class Classifier doesn’t

exist, because you decided to rename things), we will mark your code as if it doesn’t work.

So make life easy for yourself, and use the classes and functions provided as the basis for your

code. Again, you will ONLY need to modify / use the skeleton in classifier.py and no

other file. We cannot accept code after the deadline has passed even if errors are of accidental

nature.

2Of course, controlling Pacman to do something well may require a number of functions in addition to

getAction().

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(b) The ClassifierAgent class provides some simple data handling. It reads data from a file

called good-moves.txt and turns it into arrays target and data which are similar to the

ones you have used with scikit-learn. When we test your code, it will have to be able to

read data in the same format as good-moves.txt, from a file called good-moves.txt. If it

doesn’t, we will mark your code as not working. So make life easy for yourself and stick to

the (admittedly, but intentionally, limited) data format that we have provided.

To run the code in classifierAgents.py, you use:

python3 pacman.py --pacman ClassifierAgent

Note the difference in capitalisation between file name and class name.

Now open your editor and take a look at the code for ClassifierAgent. There are six functions in it:

(a) __init__()

The constructor. Run when an instance of the class is created. Because the game doesn’t

exist at this point, it is of limited use.

(b) loadData()

This is a simple utility. The data in good-moves.txt is stored as a string. We need it as an

array of integers. This does the conversion.

(c) registerInitialState()

This function gets run once the game has started up. Unlike __init()__, because the game

has started, there is game state information available. Thus it is possible for Pacman to “look”

at the world around it.

Right now this is the only function that is doing any real work. It opens the file good-moves.txt,

and extracts the data from it, where data is parsed into the arrays data and target. These arrays are accessible from any function. (They are data members of the class ClassifierAgent.)

(d) final()

This function is run at the end of a game, when Pacman has either won or lost.

(e) convertNumberToMove()

Another simple utility. The data in good-moves.txt encodes moves that Pacman made in

the past using integers. What you need to do is to produce moves of the form:

Directions.NORTH

since that is the format which the game engine requires. This function converts from one to

the other in a way that respects the original conversion from moves to integers.

(f) getAction()

This function is called by the game engine every time step. What it returns controls what

Pacman does. Right now it just returns Directions.EAST or a random move (see predict()

in classifier.py). (The function also does some other stuff, but we will get to that later).

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3 What you have to do (and what you aren’t allowed to do)

3.1 Write some code

Your task in this coursework is to write a classifier using classifier.py which uses the data in

good-moves.txt to control Pacman. By “control Pacman” we mean “select an action and return

it in the function getAction (the code is already set up for you this way). However, because this is

a module on machine learning, not a module on game programming, we are quite prescriptive about

how you go about doing this:

(a) Your code is only allowed limited access to information about the state of the game. What

you are allowed to access is the information provided by:

api.getFeatureVector(state)

This returns a feature vector in the form of an array of 1s and 0s like this:

[1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

This records details of whether there are walls, food, and ghosts in the squares around Pacman.

You don’t need to know what each number means (though if you want to know, look in

api.py). What you do need to know is that if your code uses any other information about

the game to decide what to do, you won’t get any marks for the coursework.3

(b) Your code should use a classifier to make a decision, based on the information in features, to

decide what to do. Thus the classifier should be trained using the information in self.data

and self.target, and should predict an action when passed the data in features (again,

this is already set up).

(c) You are allowed to use a classifier from an external library such as scikit-learn. However,

if you use a classifier from an external library, you will not get as many marks as if you write

a classifier yourself. (For details on exactly how we will mark your code, see the marksheet on

KEATS. Also ensure you read the coursework’s FAQs on KEATS.)

(d) If you do code your own classifier, it does not have to be complicated. It could be as simple

as a 1-nearest neighbour classifier. However, the more sophisticated the classifier, the more

marks you will get. (Again, for details you should see the marksheet and FAQs on KEATS.)

(e) To get full marks, your code has to run until either Pacman wins a game, or until Pacman gets

eaten by a ghost (and loses a game). In other words, your code should not crash or otherwise

fail while we are running it. Losing a game is not failing. In fact, from the point of view of

marking, we don’t care if your Pacman wins, loses, gets a high score or a low score. We only

care that your code successfully uses a classifier to decide what to do.

3.2 Things to know

If you look in good-moves.txt, you will see that each line contains a feature vector like the one

above, plus a final digit. (There are no brackets or commas, that is because good-moves.txt holds

3Ok, that is not quite right. The code in getAction in the skeleton classifierAgent uses legal =

api.legalActions(state) to get a set of the legal moves at every step. That is technically information about

the game state, and it is both allowed, and sensible, since if you return an illegal action to the game engine, the

game crashes. The code is already set up to use this. Using any other information is, however, forbidden.

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strings not arrays.) The first digits are indeed a feature vector, and the last digit encodes an action.

When the data is read in by registerInitialState, the feature vector part is loaded into data,

and the “action” is loaded into target such that the ith elements of data and target go together.

The data was collected from code that played Pacman. (Indeed, from some code that won games

of Pacman.) At each step, the feature vector and move were stored in good-moves.txt. And that

is exactly why you can create a classifier from it. If you train a classifier on the good-moves data,

then that classifier should be able to predict a sensible move given a new feature vector.

Note that while the good-moves data is what we will test your code with (or rather it is one of the

things we will test your code with), you may want to create some custom training data. To make

that easy, we have provided TraceAgent (in the file traceagents.py). If you run this using:

python3 pacman.py --p TraceAgent

you will get the same keyboard controlled Pacman as you saw before, BUT one which outputs data

on your move and the corresponding feature vector. This data is written to moves.txt. (If a file

already exists with that name, it is over-written, so be careful.)

3.3 Limitations

There are some limitations on what you can submit.

(a) Your code should be in Python 3.

Code written in a language other than that will not be marked.

Code written in Python 2 is unlikely to run with the clean copy of pacman-cw1 that we will

test it against. If it doesn’t run, you will lose marks.

The reason for this is that we do not have the resources to deal with code written in multiple

languages, and to ensure that we can run code written in Python 2.

(b) Your code will be tested in the same environment as we have been using in the lab. That

is the standard Anaconda Python 3 distribution, with scikit-learn also installed (and the

scikit-learn distribution includes numpy). Code using libraries that are not in this collection

may not run when we test it. If you choose to use such libraries and your code does not run

when we test it, you will lose marks.

The reason for this is that we do not have the resources to deal with setting up arbitrarily

complex environments (with the possibility of libraries with arcane interactions) for every

submission.

(c) Your code must only interact with the Pacman environment by making calls through the version

of api.py supplied in pacman-cw1.zip. Code that finds other ways to access information

about the environment will lose marks.

The idea here is to have everyone solve the same task.

(d) You are not allowed to modify any of the files in pacman-cw1.zip except classifier.py.

Similar to the previous point, the idea is that everyone solves the same problem — you can’t

change the problem by modifying the base code that runs the Pacman environment. Also,

your code will have to run against a clean version of the code in pacman-cw1 so you’ll just be

making trouble for yourself.

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(e) You are not allowed to copy, without credit, code that you might get from other students or find

lying around on the Internet. (This includes the use of code that was distributed as part of the

module — if you use code from files other than classifier.py and classifierAgent.py

without attribution, we will consider that to be plagiarism.) We will be checking.

This is the usual plagiarism statement. When you submit work to be marked, you should only

seek to get credit for work you have done yourself. When the work you are submitting is code,

you can use code that other people wrote, but you have to say clearly that the other person

wrote it — you do that by putting in a comment that says who wrote it. That way we can

adjust your mark to take account of the work that you didn’t do. Please add any citations,

descriptions, or whatever you want us to know in the python file.

Please also ensure you familiarise yourselves with what constitutes plagiarism and collusion

and how to avoid them (ensure you read the information on KEATS); e.g. copying large parts

of code from others, even with attribution, is not allowed. We need to be able to assess your

OWN contribution.

(f) Your code must be based on using a classifier on the data in good-moves.txt. If you don’t

submit a program that contains a recognisable classifier, you will lose marks.

4 What you have to hand in

Your submission should consist of a single ZIP file. (KEATS will be configured to only accept a

single file.) This ZIP file must include a single Python file (your code): classifier.py.

The ZIP file must be named:

cw1-<lastname>-<firstname>.zip

Remember that we are going to evaluate your code by running your code by using variations on

python3 pacman.py -p ClassifierAgent

and we will do this in a vanilla copy of the pacman-cw1 folder, so the base class for your agent must

be called ClassifierAgent and use class Classifier and the skeleton provided.

To streamline the marking of the coursework, you must put all your code in one file, and this file

must be called classifier.py (which we provide).

Do not just include the whole pacman-cw1 folder. You should only include the one file that includes

the code you have written. Do not modify any of the other files either when developing your code.

Submissions that do not follow these instructions will lose marks.

5 How your work will be marked

There will be three main components of the mark for your work:

(a) Functionality

We will test your code in classifier.py by running the classifierAgents.py file against

a clean copy of pacman-cw1.

As discussed above, for full marks for functionality, your code is required to run when we

invoke the command:

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python3 pacman.py --p ClassifierAgent

and run until the game is won or lost. Code that fails to meet these requirements will lose

marks.

We will also look at your code for evidence of the use of a classifier. Code that does not use

a classifier will lose marks. Code that does not implement a classifier (that is, uses one from

an external library like scikit-learn) will lose marks.

Code that implements more sophisticated classifiers will get more marks. So, my example

(above) of using a 1-NN classifier, which is about the simplest possible classifier, would not

get as many marks as the implementation of a more sophisticated classifier.

(b) Style

There are no particular requirements on the way that your code is structured but you should

ensure it follows standard good practice in software development and will be marked accordingly.

Remember that your code is only allowed to interact with the Pacman environment through

api.py (the version in pacman-cw1), and is only allowed to use the environment information

provided to the Classifier class. Code that does not follow this rule will lose marks.

(c) Documentation

All good code is well documented, and your work will be partly assessed by the comments you

provide in your code. If we cannot understand from the comments what your code does, then

you will lose marks.

A copy of the marksheet, which shows the distribution of marks across the different elements of the

coursework, is available from KEATS, together with FAQs.

Version list

? Version 1.0, January 28th 2018

? Version 1.1, January 11th 2021

? Version 1.2, January 30th 2022

? Version 1.3, January 4th 2023

? Version 1.4, January 29th 2024

? Version 1.5, February 2nd 2024

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